Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding Author: Corey E. Flanders, cflander mtholyoke. Bisexual people are at an increased vulnerability for sexual victimization in comparison to heterosexual people, as well as gay and lesbian people. As the majority of first sexual violence experiences happen prior to age 25 for bisexual women, young bisexual people are particularly vulnerable. Quantitative results indicate that bisexual stigma significantly predicts a greater likelihood of reporting an experience of sexual violence. Qualitative findings support that while not all participants felt bisexual stigma related to their experience of sexual violence, some felt negative bisexual stereotypes were substantial factors. Some participants encountered barriers to accessing support, such as discrimination in schools. Sexual violence researchers should consider bisexual stigma as an important factor, and support services the potential positive impact of bisexual-specific survivor support. Young bisexual people are particularly vulnerable, as the vast majority of first sexual violence experiences occur prior to age 25 Walters et al. This is a significant issue, as sexual violence is both a public health issue and is associated with substantial negative mental and sexual health outcomes Chen et al. In order to reduce this health disparity and associated sequalae, it is necessary to better understand what factors relate to the increased rates of victimization among this vulnerable population. For the purposes of this paper, we use bisexuality as an umbrella term Flanders, to describe individuals who experience attraction to more than one gender, including those who identify as bisexual or with another plurisexual i. In accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCwe define sexual violence broadly, as any nonconsensual sexual act, including non-contact unwanted sexual experiences e. Findings from the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey NISVS indicate that nearly half of bisexual women have been raped in their lifetime, compared to In addition to the above survey, findings from the Canadian General Social Survey indicate that bisexual women are seven times as likely to report experience of sexual violence in contrast to heterosexual women Simpson, Cbt Gay Thsi Id, Livingston, and Park found that bisexual women report more severe sexual violence than lesbian women. Further, Drabble and colleagues have found that bisexual women indicate greater rates of victimization compared to lesbian women, and other researchers have identified bisexual women as more vulnerable for revictimization compared to women of other sexual identities Hequembourg et al. Among young people, Tornello, Riskind, and Patterson found that greater rates of adolescent bisexual women had been forced to have sex by a male partner compared to heterosexual women. Though there is a growing body of literature consistently documenting sexual violence rates experienced by bisexual cisgender women, data specific to sexual victimization of bisexual cisgender men and bisexual people of diverse genders are scant, with small sample sizes often cited as a barrier to reporting reliable statistical results Walters et al. The NISVS found that among men, A systematic review of sexual assault among sexual minority people in the United States found rates of lifetime sexual assault among gay and bisexual men to range from Based on the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, Hughes, McCabe, Wilsnack, West, and Boyd also found that sexual minority men were at greater risk for sexual victimization compared to heterosexual men. These reports may underestimate sexual victimization rates of bisexual men, given the greater rate of victimization they experience relative to gay men Walters et al. Research regarding people who identify both as bisexual and with a non-binary gender identity in relation to sexual violence experiences is particularly limited. Given the heightened vulnerability for both bisexual and non-binary people, it is imperative that more research addresses this gap in knowledge in order to better address the needs of young bisexual non-binary individuals. Further, it is likely that some bisexual young people are more vulnerable for sexual victimization than others based on race and ethnicity. White women have been found to Cbt Gay Thsi Id lower lifetime rates of rape Similarly, White men report lower rates of sexual violence other than rape People who experience sexual violence are never at fault for their victimization; rather, people who perpetrate violence are responsible. Researchers have, however, investigated a multitude of factors that are associated with greater vulnerability for experiencing violence in order to better understand how to reduce violence. Young bisexual people, and bisexual women in particular, may engage in behaviors associated with greater vulnerability for sexual victimization at higher rates than heterosexual people, such as substance use, as well as a greater number of sexual partners Drabble et al. While these factors may in part explain the heightened level of sexual victimization rates among bisexual people, we propose that it is important to also investigate issues that are, 1 specific to the experiences of bisexual people, and 2 do not solely rely on vulnerable groups to modify their behavior in order to decrease risk of victimization. Another avenue that has been recently explored as a potential risk factor is sexual stigma, or the negative attitudes toward non-heterosexual people and relationships Herek, Among gay and bisexual men, exposure to homophobia and internalized homophobia has been found to be positively correlated with sexual violence and intimate partner violence Semple et al. However, given that bisexual Cbt Gay Thsi Id report higher rates of sexual violence than gay and lesbian people, it may be the case that bisexual-specific stigma accounts for part of this disparity. Flanders, Anderson, Tarasoff, and Robinson have also found that quantitatively, anti-bisexual experiences predict a greater likelihood for experiencing sexual violence among bisexual women, whereas heterosexism did not.
Lesley A. These qualitative accounts can then help us interpret the quantitative relationships, as well as provide new avenues of inquiry. Session C This leads to multiple important implications for both sexual violence research and clinical practice. Corey E. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.
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Participant described difficulties with the legal system due to discrimination based on their gender identity and mental health status:. Quantitative results indicate that bisexual stigma significantly predicts a greater likelihood of reporting an experience of sexual violence. Session 12W We are unaware of any research that has investigated how bisexual stigma relates to sexual victimization among men or gender diverse people, though the above cited research indicates that bisexual stigma may be an important factor for sexual victimization among bisexual people overall. Constitution: An Introduction College Writing Programs COLWRIT 9N Introduction of the U. For example, Participant stated:. CognitiveBehavioral Therapy With People of Ethnic. We are all White and in our thirties. Fachbereich Kursnummer Kursbezeichnung African American Studies AFRICAM AC The History of the Modern Civil Rights Movement African American Studies AFRICAM L Special Topics in Race and Law African American Studies AFRICAM 25AC African American Music and US Popular Culture American Studies AMERSTD 10 Introduction to American Studies American Studies AMERSTD Examining U. Beyond bisexual-specific stigma, interview participants described how heteronormativity regarding mainstream sexual violence narratives and education initially prevented them from understanding their experiences as violence, potentially creating greater vulnerability for that violence. White women have been found to report lower lifetime rates of rape Many of the interview participants also discussed how different forms of social support were beneficial in relation to sexual victimization. For instance, Participant stated that her school was not supportive of her gender identity, and this created a barrier in trying to access support regarding an assault that happened at school:. Participants are asked to respond to each item in relation to heterosexual ABES-H and gay and lesbian ABES-GL people. We believe this approach is particularly important to highlight with the unique experiences of young bisexual people, as many in the current study identified with multiple historically marginalized identities that are underrepresented in sexual violence research, such as non-binary people and People of Color who are also bisexual. Wir beraten dich gern zu deinen Studienmöglichkeiten im Ausland. Sie gehört seit Jahren zu den besten US-amerikanischen Universitäten , was ihr zum wiederholten Male den ersten Platz unter allen staatlichen Universitäten Top Public Schools in den U. Each of these experiences echo bisexual and pansexual stereotypes regarding the hypersexualization of bisexual and other plurisexual people Callis, ; Johnson, , the assumption of universal attraction and consent based on sexuality Flanders, Ross et al. Website der University of California Berkeley Website der University of California Berkeley Extension Fakten Gründungsjahr: Hochschultyp: Staatliche Hochschule Anzahl Studenten: Gesamt , Undergraduate, Postgraduate, International Akkreditierungen: WSCUC WASC Senior Association of Schools and Colleges AACSB Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business Studienjahr: Das Studienjahr der UC Berkeley ist in zwei Semester unterteilt. Insgesamt bietet die UC Berkeley während der Summer Sessions mehr als Kurse an. The quantitative findings of the current project support the importance of considering bisexual stigma as a significant factor related to the sexual victimization of young bisexual people. In addition to internalized binegativity, anti-bisexual experiences perpetuated by heterosexual people was associated with a greater likelihood of reporting unwanted sexual contact, as well as completed verbal coercion and rape. Meine Mediathek Hilfe Erweiterte Buchsuche. For example, Participant discussed how it was more difficult to engage in conversations around consent, or to tell a sexual partner when he was not interested in engaging in an activity, if they knew about his marginalized identities:. Session C While the binary category for race was not significant in the quantitative results, in the qualitative responses, participants described how their minority racial and gender identities also related to their experiences of violence, and in particular how identifying as trans or being a Person of Color were hypersexualized by others.
